Wednesday, January 31, 2007

Christmas in the UK - Final Part

Final part I promise!

Jaime, in six weeks in the UK, was beginning to get into Gadgets! Primary school in the UK is teaching him computers ... I expect he'll want a Play Station etc etc soon

Christmas presents included a host of “kits” - a Meccano (now M&S) plane, a wooden dinosaur etc etc – I approve of this, encourages your mechanical skills. schematics, reading etc etc. Hey I grew up with all this and I'm sure it did me good!I But they all say 2 years and up – what? They challenged me at 44! You expect a 7 year old to deal with this!

Hence the photo below when he wanted and learned to manipulate my digital camera!

We went out for a walk on New Year's Day up the Spodden Valley next to the abandoned asbestos mill, known as Taylors, now owned by the multinational Federal Mogul. When my brother's dog, Lady, was alive we'd take her out for walks up here – a rural idyll in the midst of decaying industrial Lancashire

Much of the woods are now taped off-limits due to asbestos-waste dumping (and there's big legal things going on) but the main footpath is still open. Not really a place for Nanda, Jaime and Kezia to go alone but ok during the day for the family.

Kezia looks like the Red Dwarf serial killer in Nicholas Roeg's film “Don't Look Now” - the scariest “horror” film I've ever seen. All suspense, no (well, not much) gore!




Tuesday, January 30, 2007

UKALL 2003 - Vincristine


Another drug derived from a natural source – the Madagascan Periwinkle Caranthus roseus. The plant has been in use in traditional medicine for centuries treating anything from diabetes to wasp stings to eye infections. When scientists began looking at it in the 1950s, they discovered over
70 alkaloids among which was vincristine.


Microtubules form part of the structural network, or cytoskeleton, of a cell's cytoplasm. They are made of a protein called tubulin. They form various structures and have various functions. One of these is the formation of a structure called a mitotic spindle (mitosis = cell division). This segregates chromosomes correctly during cell division so that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes. In the picture below the mitotic spindle is green and the chromosomes are blue.


Vincristine binds to tubulin and prevents the formation of microtubules and, in particular, the mitotic spindle. Thus the cell dies without being able to divide.

Unlike our other chemotherapy agents so far, this is not working directly on the cell nucleus and DNA but within the cell's cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.

It has, like all our drugs, many side-effects. Particularly, noticeable are neurological effects – Kezia developed tingling feet making her unwilling to walk. Others report similar effects.

If given intrathecally (in the spine), it is fatal. For this reason the UKALL 2003 protocol gives the following warning:

All medical staff involved in the care of patients with leukaemia MUST be aware that the inadvertent administration of vincristine by the intrathecal route is invariably FATAL. Vincristine should NOT BE AVAILABLE when an intrathecal needle is in situ. This protocol has been written to provide separation of intrathecal methotrexate administration from intravenous vincristine administration in time. An additional precaution is that the two drugs should not be administered in the same place.”


UKALL 2003 - Cytarabine (Ara C)

Cytarabine, more commonly known as Ara C, is administered over four consecutive days in four blocks during Augmented BFM Consolidation, and two blocks each in Delayed Intensification I and II (in Regime C of UKALL 2003). It is administered through the Hickman Line and is generally done at home as four consecutive days visiting the hospital is a bit much for both patients and carers. You'll be given a choice of learning to do it yourself or have a community nurse visit. However, the latter is a bit infeasible if a dose falls on a weekend so I would really recommend learning to do it yourself. The hospital will train you and check you are proficient as well as providing written instructions to take home.

It's really best to have two people present when administering it so the second can both check the first is doing it right, and comfort the child. We have a two-person safety rule at work for any electrical or mechanical maintenance – the second person can catch any potentially dangerous slip-ups and assist if there are difficulties – the same is true here.

The process consists of cleaning the line with saline, injecting the drug, injecting Hepsal (Heparin Sodium – an anti-clotting agent to stop the line getting blocked) and finally saline again.

The story of the development of Cytarabine is fascinating – I will try and summarise here but go to Patty Feist's page for a more in-depth account A Tale from the Sea to Ara C. Thanks also to Patty for the graphics here.

The story starts in 1945 when a young scientist, Werner Bergmann, was collecting sea sponges (Cryptotethia crypta) on the coast of Florida. He boiled them up in acetone and instead of finding a steroid as expected, discovered a new substance similar to the DNA building-block, the nucleoside thymidine. Bergmann named the new compound Spongothymidine.

The two diagrams below demonstrate the very slight difference between the two molecules. The blue portion is known as the base, and the red part is a sugar. The base of each is the same, thymine, whilst the sugars differ slightly. In thymidine the sugar is known as deoxyribose and in spongothymidine it is arabinose.



Deoxyribose sugars (plus base) form the backbone of DNA, and ribose sugars (plus base) form the backbone of RNA. So arabinose is unlike either of them.

Early research in chemotherapy concentrated on changing the base but with the discovery of spongothymidine the focus moved to changing the sugar. John Evans and Seymour Cohen bound the sugar arabinose to another of the four DNA-bases, cytosine, making Cytosine arabinoside or Ara C, and tested its anti-cancer properties with positive results.

Here's how it works (another Patty page here).

In a cell Cytosine riboside (an RNA molecule) is converted to Cytosine deoxyribose (a DNA molecule) with the help of an enzyme. The enzyme needs to bind to the riboside and strip off an oxygen atom from the OH group (on the bottom right of the sugars in the diagrams below) to make the deoxyribose. However, if cytosine arabinoside is present, the enzyme binds to it through mistaken identity but as that OH group is on the top-right of the sugar instead, it cannot find it and cannot convert it to deoxyribose. Without the cytosine deoxyribose, new DNA cannot be made and the cell will die.




Other anti-cancer drugs are now being developed from marine organisms. Patty discusses Ara G and Clofarabine in the treatment of childhood leukaemia. Other anti-cancer drugs derived from marine organisms and currently under trial include Yondelis and Apledin derived from marine tunicates and Kalahide derived from a nudibranch (a sea slug).

This just goes to show how important biodiversity conservation is – new substances, of great scientific use, are still being found in plants and animals around the world. If we lose these, before discovering what they have to offer us, we have lost an incredible resource.

Friday, January 26, 2007

Open Source Medicine IV

Some more Open Source medicine and science links:

Science Commons: this is the central "clearing house" of everything to do with Open Source science and scientific research.

BioMed Central:
an independent publishing house committed to providing immediate online open access to peer-reviewed biomedical research.

PLoS One: the Public Library of Science is a non-profit organisation of scientists and physicians committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource that publishes peer-reviewed research online. Two links here - one to the library and one to the organisation.

Directory of Open Access Journals
: aims to increase the visibility and ease of use of open access scientific and scholarly journals thereby promoting their increased usage and impact.
It aims to be comprehensive and cover all open access scientific and scholarly journals that use a quality control system to guarantee the content. A one stop shop for users to Open Access Journals.

A good article on Open Access research by John Wilbanks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology pusblished in the British Medical Journal is here.


I think I'll start a Links section dedicated to Open Source medicine and science.

Christmas in the UK - Part 3

It's about time I finished with the holiday stories as we're almost at the end of January.

My maternal cousin, J. and her family were back from France (where they live) for Christmas. They were staying with her sister/my cousin P. and her family for the holidays, and, of course, they live not far from mum, my Aunty L., in Staffordshire.

As I haven't seen any of them in some 23-odd years, and as J. has been particularly kind since Kezia's birth, and all of them since Kezia's illness (I gather that Aunty L. has rung one or twice a week since we first arrived back in the UK in May), we set up a “family reunion”. P. and P. wanted to take advantage of my visit to get away over the New Year weekend but they have seen our cousins and aunty a lot more recently than myself.

We arranged for them all to come up on the 30th, come to the house and then proceed to a local country pub for lunch.

My Aunty L. converted to the Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormons to you and me) many years ago. I have a couple of work friends (occasional sub-contractors) who have come out here on occasions and who live in Salt Lake City. One's a Mormon, one isn't. The latter B.R. is perhaps the only American I know who understands cricket and I've spent happy hours watching it over beer when he's visited! Non-Mormons are very distinctly a minority in Salt Lake City and the Mormon lifestyle is a constant source of humour to them, an example being the Sunday morning traffic jams as all the Mormons head back to town to attend their local temple meetings!

My other friend K. is the brother of the notorious, and imprisoned, Mormon fundamentalist and polygamist Tom Green (look him up in Wikipedia) – the Mormons haven't permitted polygamy for over a century and, having excommunicated him, obviously don't consider him a Mormon. Anyway, K. has stayed in the fold and drinks Coca-Cola but not coffee - caffeine being prohibited but as coke didn't exist back then it was not put on the original proscribed list ... my Aunty L. didn't agree with this doctrinal interpretation.

B.R. and K. have worked together and been friends for many years. As with other distinct social or religious groups (Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, cancer sufferers, homosexuals ...), the Mormons have developed their own humour and comic traditions. For cancer jokes see the Furry Monkey.

Anyway, I digress ... but at least Aunty L. will ensure Kezia will get baptised so we don't have to worry on that score! Aunty L. - you've been very kind to us and it's much appreciated!

Anyway, the whole tribe descended at about 11:30 – Aunty L., cousin P., her spouse and their two daughters, cousin J, her spouse and their daughter. The house could hardly contain us all and we had to spill over into the kitchen. Blimey, my cousins have changed – we've all grown up and my old teenage attitude, “Oh it's sissy to be friends with your female cousins”, was instantly dismissed as I face two grown-up women with all their own life experiences. A short game of football in the front garden with two of my cousins' children and Jaime and then I ordered a taxi for us and we all set off for lunch.

I won't say much about lunch as the photos below say it all – a good time was had by all!


The Tribe

Angus and Kezia at the bar - introducing her young!

Aunty L. hiding behind her fan.

Aunty L. comes out of hiding
.

Cousin J. and her daughter M.


Cousin P. and her daughters


Finally Kezia looks at the camera and I get the flash right

Thursday, January 25, 2007

Open Source Medicine III

Much medical literature is unavailable, particularly to medical personnel in countries such as ours, due to its high cost. These two sites - FreeBooks4Doctors and Free Medical Journals - aim to promote the free publication and dissemination of scientific medical information and research online.

Wednesday, January 24, 2007

UKALL 2003 - Escalating Capizzi II

Finally Kezia started Escalating Capizzi II today with a dose of intrathecal methotrexate. So I guess her neutrophil and platelet counts were good. Tomorrow intravenous methotrexate and vincristine. The IV methotrexate is particularly nasty with its side effects but I'm pleased we've started - only 16 weeks give or take until we start the alot less intensive maintenance phases.

She was meant to start this phase last week but her counts weren't adequate. Not surprising really as she had been hospitalised with a temperature the previous Wednesday to Friday. Nothing really to be worried about but it did bring on a small family crisis over Jaime's childcare when they're in hospital. Anyway, with the great help of the social services, we have put in place some alternative childcare arrangements for the next time this happens.

Tuesday, January 23, 2007

A New Link - Patty Feist

I have just discovered an awesome site about ALL run by Patty Feist in Colorado. She attempts to answer many of the more technical aspects in layman's terms (as we are trying to do here). Her collection of links to other ALL sites (both technical and support) she is involved with is also amazing. I've only just touched on it. I know this will be a resource I will be using alot in future posts. She also runs the Childhood Cancer Webring - link at bottom of page. Please take a look!

UKALL 2003 - Dexamethasone 2

I've refrained from tackling this until now as I really didn't understand even a twinkling of the science behind Dexamethasone's anti-cancer properties. After much reading I discover that not even the scientists fully understand the mechanisms.

In my last post on Dexamethasone I attempted to explain its anti-emetic (nausea, vomiting) properties. However, talking to our consultant J. over the holidays, it seems the justification for its use in the treatment of leukaemia is its anti-cancer properties – the anti-emetic effects are a beneficial side-effect.

Right, I'll try and explain what is known about its anti-cancer properties. There appear to be several mechanisms at work:

  • It appears to trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis). Both good and leukaemic cells.
  • They inhibit the production of interleukins which are signalling chemicals which stimulate a variety of cell behaviours. The IL-2 interleukin (there are 33 of them) is produced by T-lymphocytes. The IL-2 then binds itself to the T-lymphocyte signalling it to grow and differentiate. (This self-signalling is termed autocrine). Clearly, inhibiting the production of leukaemic T-cells (or T-cell blastogenesis) is one of our goals.
  • It can also (seemingly) increase the ability other chemotherapy drugs to destroy leukaemic cells

It can also prevent white blood cells from reaching sites of infection. Hence (as with most chemotherapy drugs) there is an increased risk of infection when taking it. Strangely, as the WBCs cannot reach the infection, the white blood count may be seen to go up.

I should also add that one of the lesser known and rarer side effects of the glucocortisoids is induced diabetes - this is what H. suffered from - she got over it but insulin injections in the stomach were no fun. I guess no more dexamethasone for her!

Next in the series is Cytarabine - this is kind of cool!

Update: in the comments Lucia also reports having suffered from diabetes so they have switched her to prednisone.


Monday, January 22, 2007

Christmas in the UK - Part 2

Christmas Eve was a bit of a blur. I was totally knackered. What I do remember follows:
  • Nanda had opened and repacked all the presents under our Asda Christmas Tree. This is kind of par-for-the-course as Nanda has done this every Christmas since I've known her and I end up doing a kind of cat and mouse/hide and seek game with presents. I think it's partly cultural and partly personal – traditionally Christmas Eve after Midnight Mass is the big time here (because of colonially/catholic imposed practices), it being a poor African country you don't buy presents for all and sundry (well, anyone for that matter) and personal Nanda is totally materialistic! Whilst in the UK Christmas presents are opened on the morning of the 25th. I commented as she knew I would but this year I didn't make a fuss. Too tired.
  • My brother and sister-in-law came round early evening. We talked for a while but, I confess, I had to say I need to crash, I'm shattered, bye.

Christmas (25th) morning arrived and, as my surprise presents hadn't arrived, we had a leisurely breakfast before opening the presents which had already been opened. (Sorry to harp on at this – it really annoys me!).

At 11 we went around to P. and P.'s. for Christmas dinner. Fortunately, Nanda had been unable to open their presents to Kezia and Jaime in advance so there were big surprises. Best for us as parents was a kids' size table and two chairs so they can sit up to table for meals!

P.'s son S. came round (I really love him). Here's a picture – Cheers S. Thanks for everything!


A wonderful traditional Christmas dinner followed - turkey, stuffing (three types!), roast spuds, brussel sprouts, gravey, Christmas Pudding (flambed on the table), mince pies, crackers (not the edible kind), silly paper hats etc etc. My brother made it all! Thanks! (If any of our non-UK readers want some explanation, please ask!).

After dinner Jaime and Kezia had had enough and wanted to take off home with their new presents – ungrateful bastards. So we walked around the corner with table and chairs on our heads.

Friday, January 19, 2007

Cancergiggles

Cass at Cancergiggles (link on right) has passed away. Our deepest condolences.

Open Source Medicine II

See these links on the anti-cancer drug Dichloroacetate which is both cheap and cannot be patented but for which private sector research funding cannot be found.
DCA 1 and DCA 2

Tuesday, January 16, 2007

Karaoke

The song for Christmas was Patience by Take That.





Snapshots


We bought hair clippers so that Nanda can cut Jaime's hair at home. Here he tries them out.


Kezia phoning home.



Missies Senegal sitting on their new chairs at their new table.



Nanda in her new wig.



Nanda in her new wig and Funk Hat.



Kezia in the Funk Hat.

Wednesday, January 10, 2007

Charity and Benefits

Our social worker at the RMCH, T., working for Clic Sargeant, has been marvellous. She's arranged us bits of money here and there ... every bit has helped.

A.& H. suggested we should apply to the Samantha Jones Trust, a young peoples cancer charity, for a computer – so I could communicate with Kezia, Nanda and Jaime by VoIP and save on our telephone bills. So T. tried for us.

H.'s application was successful. Lucia, I know was successful ... but ours wasn't. Ours wasn't - as they figure she's only 2 ½ and doesn't know how to operate a computer ... T. tells me they have a policy of no computer grants to under 5 year olds.

Operating a computer is not important – she needs to see and talk to her dad, I need to see and talk to her.

Anyway, a friend here, another T. has given us a laptop with a wireless card which I took over to the UK, I bought a webcam at Christmas, and hopefully we'll all talk by the Internet soon and save lots on phone bills!

SJT – look I know you're only meant to benefit the patient ... but surely father talking to patient daughter comes under that ...


Nanda has “no recourse to public funds” as a condition of her visa. Therefore Kezia cannot get any benefits (e.g. Child Benefit and Disability Living Allowance). If I had been resident in the UK for six months, she could. That she has been resident in the UK for over six months doesn't count. I think this is pretty stupid particularly in the case of Child Benefit which aims, I believe, to umm ... benefit the child!

Never mind.


Tuesday, January 9, 2007

One Phase Over, Next Phase to Start


Kezia and Nanda are just back from the hospital following the final dose of Vincristine in Delayed Intensification I. No problems today. Phew!

Next phase, Escalating Capizzi II, starts on the 17th. Not even our consultant J. could tell me where/why "Capizzi". Can anyone out there elucidate?

Monday, January 8, 2007

Open Source Medicine

I haven't gotten round to talk about this subject yet but when I was in the UK, I picked up a copy of the New Scientist and there was an interesting article about what could be termed open source medicine.

Apparently, a drug used to cure Hepatitis C called interferon-alpha in its pegalated form (see this post for meaning of this) is far too expensive to treat the majority of sufferers as the process of pegalation has been patented by parmaceutical giants Hoffman-La Roche and Schering Plough. The patented version involves attaching the PEG molecule to the surface of the interferon.

So researchers in London decided to find a way to produce a cheap version of the drug allowing far more sufferers to be treated. They discovered a way of inserting a PEG molecule inside the interferon molecule and found it works as well as the drug created with the patented process. Clinical trials are to start in 2008.

The first part of the article is here but you have to subscribe for the full version.

Christmas in the UK - Part 1

Don't know where to start! Fuckin' brilliant on the whole!

Got back yesterday (Saturday) at 08:30 after having left UK home at 07:30 on Friday. Lots to talk about – but most importantly, Kezia, Jaime and Nanda are well. I'm a bit down down now, especially when last night Nanda told me that Kezia is expecting me to walk through the door at any moment. She doesn't understand I've come back here, and probably won't visit for the next four months.

Took lots of photos, of varying quality – will post some shortly over the next few days.

So where do I begin? As I don't have the writing skills to produce creative literary constructs that wander back and forth through time, I guess I'll start at the beginning ...

My brother-in-law woke me up at 03:45 (on the 23rd) even though I'd said to not pick me up until 04:30. Well, better early than late, and I could take a shower, a cup of coffee and the first cigarette calmly without the rush we had in November taking Jaime over.

Everything ran smoothly on the journey out ...

... except we arrived in Lisbon late. My friend L., from the travel agency, asked me to look after a young woman who then missed her onward flight to London. She managed to get on my later flight as, I guess, the before Christmas Eve flights were not in great demand.

We got to Heathrow. No luggage! Watched the carousel go round and round until they put the next luggage from a Rome flight on the same carousel. I was anxious to catch my bus to Manchester, she, never having travelled abroad before, was anxious about her luggage. I managed to persuade her that we should fill in lost luggage claims which I helped her with. Took her through customs and there were people to meet her.

Caught the bus without my suitcase. And arrived at Manchester Chorlton Street at 05:40 on Sunday 24th. Took a taxi up to Manchester Victoria railway station - it's empty, closed, no-one around, eery! Discover there's no onward train until 09:15! Shit! A distance of 15 miles and I have to wait 3 hours when I've come so far! I walk up to the Shude Hill Bus Station and find out the first bus is at 06:55! Phew! It's fuckin' freezing! I've only got a T-shirt and a fluff on. It's fuckin' freezing!

So I make it home at about 08:00 and they're still in bed.

Luggage - I eventually got it one week later on New Year's Eve. There seem to be varying accounts for the luggage chaos that ensued this Christmas. The version I got from Alitalia (who run baggage-handing services at Heathrow) was that the computerised baggage-handling system crashed and they had to take down every single baggage ticket number by hand and manually enter it into their computers. Thus, although my suitcase probably arrived on the 24th December, it didn't get to me until the 31st.

Better late than never!

To be continued ...

Friday, December 22, 2006

Happy Christmas

Leaving tomorrow. Fog at Heathrow permitting (and it sounds pretty grim), I'll arrive in the UK tomorrow night and home for breakfast on Sunday.

Kezia's counts were good on Wednesday so she had the cyclophosphamide. However, they booked her in to have Thursday-Sunday cytarabine at the hospital. This is normally administered at home so I had to phone the hospital on Wednesday evening to find out why. Well, it seems it was an oversight and when they went on Thursday they gave her a prescription to have it at home over the weekend.

I expect I won't be blogging over the next two weeks - better things to do like enjoying my family! A happy Christmas and New Year to our readers!

Wednesday, December 20, 2006

UKALL 2003 - Cyclophosphamide and Chemical Warfare

This is the one we really don't look forward to as it takes 4.5 hours at the hospital to administer. If the transport at either end is late, then we're talking a very very long day. Well, in fact it only takes about half an hour as an IV drip but they have to give you half an hour of saline beforehand and 3.5 hours afterwards to counteract one of its potential side-effects – more of that anon.

Cyclophosphamide is what is called a pro-drug – that is it doesn't act directly itself but gets changed into something else and this something else does the work.

In the case of Cyclophosphamide it is changed into aldophosphamide in the liver. Most of this is then oxidised by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into the pretty useless carboxyphosphamide. However, a small amount is converted into the good phosphamaride mustard and
the harmful acrolein.

Now phosphamaride mustard is pretty cool stuff! It's one of a group of substances called nitrogen mustards and the first nitrogen mustard, mustine, is on Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention!

At the end of the first world war mustard gas was quite widely used by both sides. Although there were only isolated incidents of its use in the second world war, both sides had large stockpiles. In 1943 a U.S. stockpile in Italy was bombed exposing thousands of people. It was noticed that one of its effects was to lower the white blood count – and this led to research into its use as an anti-cancer agent.


My dad was a Gas Identification Officer in the second world war. He worked in a factory producing paint for military aircraft – a protected occupation meaning he didn't get conscripted. After air raids he would have to go out and check that the bombs dropped were not gas bombs. He also went the rounds giving talks to air raid protection people – I remember when I was a child him showing us his sample kit which he would get people to sniff so they would be able to recognise chemical warfare agents. Blimey – if he was found with that stuff today they'd arrest him as a terrorist!

A couple of chemistry diagrams to demonstrate the relationship betwe
en cyclophosphamide and mustard gas.




At the top is a cyclophosphamide molecule, below mustard gas. Those two chlorine arms on each side of the nitrogen and sulphur atoms are what make them similar.

And lastly in this little digression – its called mustard because its smell is vaguely similar to edible mustard, not because edible mustard is otherwise faintly related.

The Acrolein is the reason behind all the hydration before and after. It is toxic to the surface of the bladder and can cause hemorraghic cystitis!

Phosphamaride mustard doesn't have much effect in the bone marrow (or liver) as the cells here have high levels of ALDH. Where it does have effect is on leukaemic blood cells where, and they're not quite sure how, it gets to work on the DNA causing cell death.

Usual range of side-effects: nausea, hair-loss, low WBC etc etc as well as the bladder problems mentioned above.

Today, neutrophils and platelets permitting, is Kezia's cyclophosphamide day.

P.S. I have added some dosing information to the post concerning Methotrexate.

Tuesday, December 19, 2006

UKALL 2003 - Dexamethasone 1

As previously mentioned the gluco-corticoid, (a steroid), Dexamethasone has two roles in ALL treatment. The first of these, to combat the side-effect of nausea caused by the anthracyclines. I'll discuss now, and leave its other role until a later date (when I understand it!).

Nausea and vomiting (known as emesis) are controlled in part of the brain known as ... the Vomiting Centre (not often that medical jargon is this straightforward!). The anthracyclines stimulate the production of a chemical called Serotonin (or more correctly 5-HT) in the gut. This Serotonin then binds to and stimulates the vagus nerve which in turn stimulates the spinal cord and the chemo-receptors. There are many types of these receptors sensitive to different chemical compounds and seven of them are sensitive to Serotonin. The one that stimulates the Vomit Centre is known as 5-HT3.

So if we can successfully block, desensitise or turn off the 5-HT3 receptor, then we can stop the nausea – and this is what Dexamethasone (as an anti-emetic) does.

Unfortunately, it has its own side-effects such as increased appetite (Kezia put on weight!), sleeplessness and mood swings.

Kezia definitely suffered from mood swings. I sometimes think it is easier for an older person to rationalise these – I'm grumpy (or as Cass of Cancergiggles calls it – Irritable Bastard Syndrome) but it's due to the medication. Kezia cannot do this and does not understand why she is upset, which must be distressing in itself.

However, there's a downside to the ability for rationalisation that comes with age. Kezia does not understand ALL, cannot imagine her own mortality or the battles still to come. She lives from day to day, oblivious to such feelings – if one day she is down, the next will be happy, not remembering yesterday. For this, we must be grateful.


Monday, December 18, 2006

UKALL 2003 - Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin

These drugs belong to a family of medications called anthracyclines which act directly on cell DNA and prevent the cell from replicating.

Daunorubicin: this is administered during the first Induction phase. It binds to the DNA and intercalates with it i.e. it inserts a molecule of itself in between the DNA molecules. This distorts the DNA, messing with the way it functions and preventing it from replicating.



In the picture above normal DNA is shown on the left and DNA intercalated at three locations (in red) is shown on the right.

Doxorubicin: this is given in the two Delayed Intensification phases (4 and 6). It binds to the DNA and inhibits the enzyme which unwinds the DNA double helix to be read for copying. It stops the enzyme from resealing the double helix thereby stopping replication.

Both drugs are administered by IV drip.

One of the side-effects of both these drugs is feeling sick (nausea) and vomiting. For this the gluco-corticoid (a steroid), Dexamethasone, is given. As well as combatting the side-effect of nausea, Dexamethasone is also used as a first-line treatment drug in later maintenance phases. For this reason, I'll leave its discussion until a later post (as I'm still trying to get my head around how it works!).

Another side-effect of the anthracyclines is hair-loss. In young adults, this can be a major psychological issue (Lucia discusses it in her blog – link on right). However, although it has happened to Kezia, she has not yet developed the self-consciousness for it to be a problem. I think Nanda and I have been more effected – Kezia's hair was so beautiful! However, it will grow back!

Impatience

This time next week I'll be with Kezia, Jaime and Nanda - counting the days untiI I leave on Saturday. Wish I could fast foward!

Friday, December 15, 2006

UKALL 2003 - Delayed Intensifcation 1 and Drugs

This is the fourth phase of treatment and lasts 8 weeks (if all goes well – although as I indicated yesterday, Kezia has had a delay of a week). The phase won't start until your child's neutrophil count (ANC) is >0.75 (x 109/L) and her platelet count is >75 (x 109/L). .

The phase is divided into two parts: reinduction and then reconsolidation. In theory, there is a week's interval between the two but your child won't start the reconsolidation until the ANC and platelet counts are at the levels above.

The pattern of medication is very similar to that of the very first phase.

Let me talk a little bit about some of the medications.

Methotrexate (MTX): This can be administered intrathecally (IT - into the spine) or intravenously (IV - into the veins).

Every so often throughout the treatment your child will have a sample of spinal fluid taken (a lumber puncture). The fluid is analysed to check the leukaemia has not spread to the Central Nervous System (CNS). (If it does, with resultant risks to the brain, your child will be off-protocol and receive radiation therapy). Even when a child does not have CNS disease, methotrexate is administered as a prophylaxis. The lumber puncture and IT MTX are administered under general anaesthetic.

Methotrexate inhibits the production of folic acid which cells need to synthesize new DNA prior to splitting. Therefore the cell cannot split or replicate. It will therefore have a greater toxic effect on fast-splitting cells such as cancer cells but also hair and mouth cells.

During the third and fifth phases, Escalating Capizzi 1 and 2, the Methotrexate is administered into the veins (IV - intravenous). The dose is gradually increased by 50 mg/sq. m. throughout this stage from a starting point of 100 mg/sq. m. but is stopped at signs of toxicity – either low neutrophil counts (neutropenia), severe mucositis (sore/infected mouth) or liver/kidney dysfunction. In the case of a low neutrophil count, when it has recovered your child will restart at 80% of the last dose. In Escalating Capizzi 2 the starting dose is 50 mg/sq. m. below the final level attained in Escalating Capizzi 1 and then increased by 50 mg/sq. m. but again decrease the dose if toxicity occurs. In the case of mucositis the dosing alterations follow different rules.

In Kezia's case she only had two doses of IV methotrexate (week 15 and 19 - 100 mg/sq. m and 80 mg/sq. m) as her neutrophil counts were too low on the other occasions. I was initially concerned about this and consulted J. He reassured me that this was actually a good sign – the methotrexate was doing its job fine without the need for more and higher doses. She will start Escalating Capizzi 2 at 30 mg/sq. m.

I will continue with other drugs in forthcoming posts.

New Links

Two new links at right to blogs by ALL sufferers - Milton Mermikedes and Lucia who coincidentally is also being treated at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital - we haven't met her but I bet we know all the same people!

Thursday, December 14, 2006

November 2006

Just to lighten up on all the text ...


Open Source

As promised, I will now go off-topic. The subject for discussion is Open Source software.

First, I need to define this for you (bear with me if you already know what it is). From Wikipedia “Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials — typically, their source code”.

The concept of open-source can be applied to more than just computer software, for example it has also been applied to media other than computer programs, such as books, music and photos, e.g., by Creative Commons. It has also been applied in such fields as scientific and medical research (which I may try and blog on in the future).

For a more in depth analysis of the whole open source concept, I'll refer you to Wikipedia's entry.

However, amongst all the myriad advantages two major ones stand out. Firstly, it allows users/developers to build on previous developments to create new products to serve better or differently the community of end-users. Secondly, the end-product is free!

This blog is written on a machine running on an open-source and free operating system, Linux (version OpenSuse 10.1 for the techies). It's available as a commercially available system from Novell. How does Novell make any money from it, if it's also available for free? Basically by providing support contracts for large corporations who cannot afford to have any downtime. Novell also benefits from the hoards of non-Novell developers working on improving the product – they can then incorporate these improvements into their next commercial release. Additionally, if you have the free version, then there are lots of user and developer groups out there to help you.

Another big advantage is that because Linux is free, it is a lot less prone to viruses – the virus writers love to get at the mega-corporation making gi-normous fat profits that is Microsoft (henceforth MS).

I'm also using open-source software to write this blog – OpenOffice.org. And to post to Blogger I use an open-source browser Seamonkey.

There are other issues that make me a fan open-source software ...

In “Third” World countries, such as ours, price and reliability issues are expensive. A ministry, NGO or private user ...

  • cannot afford legal copies of MS Office or MS Windows
  • cannot afford support contracts

  • cannot afford the dial-up Internet time to download latest and frequent security patches for MS products

  • cannot afford the anti-virus software

  • cannot afford the dial-up Internet time to download the updates to these products.

Many MS products are now requiring you to “authenticate” it over the Internet or by phone/fax – if you don't, it will stop working after a fixed period of time. All very well to stop piracy but ... expensive.

Why did piracy start? Because we cannot afford the original.

Many countries are now promoting the use of open-source software - Brazil, India etc. Certainly, it is a powerful tool in the push to promote Internet connectivity and hence access to information in poor (and not so poor) communities.

P.S. Just added a Creative Commons license to this blog. See the bottom of the page.

Treatment Update

Kezia was meant to start the second (reconsolidation) part of Delayed Intensification 1 (the fourth phase) yesterday. This involves an intravenous dose of cyclophosphamide which itself is particularly nasty. To counteract potential side-effects, especially damage to the kidneys, the child has to have a dextrose/saline drip for 30 minutes beforehand and 3.5 hours afterwards, although the administration of the drug itself only takes 20-30 minutes. This makes a very long day.

However, her neutrophil count has not recovered to >0.75 (x 109/L) so the start of reconsolidation has been postponed a week.

Tuesday, December 12, 2006

Trials, Treatments and Consultants - some sound advice

Yesterday I wrote about a trial of the Augmented BFM phase of treatment which is the second stage of Regimen C.

Through NHS Blog Doctor I came across Christian and Colin Jago's blog auspiciousdragon.net (link on right). Christian has cancer and gives some very sound advice on dealing with it which deserves as wide an audience as possible. In this context I would like to quote some of it.

The first thing you learn is that the medical profession does not know exactly how YOUR cancer will affect YOU. I happen to believe that conventional medicine represents by far the best approach to seeking treatment ... However, it's not magic. There are so many sorts of cancer and so many complicating factors. Research seems to go something like (1) here is a theoretical approach which might work (2) here is a drug or procedure which might be able to be used to exploit that theoretical approach (3) the clinical trials show that use of that drug or treatment apparently helped a statistically significant proportion of patients (or not). But even if it did, that's not to say, of course, that it will help you, or, more subtly, that if you get better or don't get worse whilst taking/undergoing whatever-it-is, that there is any necessary causative link ...Your consultant can talk in statistical terms but not, even with the best experience and training and diagnostic skills, be SURE that you belong to the statistical group he or she has in mind.”

So however optimistic the stats sound, it is wise to treat your own case cautiously and remember that you might be part of the 10% or 20% or whatever on which the treatment does not work. That being said trials are worthwhile participating in, otherwise there would never be any improvements in treatments.

Christian also has wise words about your relationship with your consultant ...

For me, the upshot is that it’s OK to challenge your consultant’s view by doing your own research and asking questions. However, I wouldn’t go overboard on the challenge (as opposed to research) part in the first instance - your consultant has after all spent years training and (let’s hope) thinking. If you are unreasonable or shrill he or she will just end up marking you down as Awkward Patient and stop listening ... If you really have good reason to believe that your consultant is just plain down-right incompetent to deal with your problem (unlikely but possible) there are also now places where you can get second opinions on the web, although I have not tried any of them.

Accepting or declining treatment is a slightly different issue because it’s based on your own priorities and view of quality of life and so on, not just medical issues. Any consultant who gets angry with you for politely questioning his or her proposed treatment regime deserves a kick up the arse and a complaint to the hospital or the BMA.

If you do want to delve into the detail, it’s a good idea to take someone with you to your consultant’s appointments. Apart from providing emotional support, they can keep track of the questions and answers with you so you don’t forget or miss things. Tell them in advance you want them to help in this way, preferably.

An important corollary is that it’s also OK to leave it to your consultant. I’ve found that highly intelligent analytical people, imagining themselves in the position of a newly-diagnosed cancer patient, tend to assume that they would feel comforted by doing a lot of research themselves - by analogy with being put in some other life-changing frightening position, like say being accused of a crime of which you believe you are innocent. However, the difference is that you are ill. You might feel too ill to summon up the energy for your normal fact-finding, initiative-taking, driven approach. You might feel that the likelihood of finding a magic answer is small enough not to warrant the time taken away from other activities, if you think you don’t have much time.This is a perfectly rational approach and don’t let the “have you seen the article in the Sunday papers about” brigade deflect you from it. You have a right but no duty to second-guess your consultant.

The other corollary of the medical profession’s limited understanding of cancer is that you need to try to get used to living with uncertainty. The more you can do this, the more at peace you can feel.”

I think this is pretty sound advice – we have been very lucky with our consultant J. who I think would pretty much agree with Christian's opinions.

Taking someone with you to appointments is also a sound idea. Equally, it's a good idea to make a written note of anything you want to ask (so you don't forget) and make notes of any seemingly important information in his or her answers. These may lead onto further questions at a later appointment after you have had time to reflect on them. J. has been excellent responding to my emails.

I totally agree with Christian as well about research – but from a carer's point of view. Nanda being on-hand deals with the day-to-day practicalities and anxieties of Kezia's treatment, and taking care of the normal duties of bringing up two children.

Furthermore, she is currently hindered by linguistic, educational and cultural factors – linguistic because she doesn't speak English (and beyond survival it's not on her list of priorities right now, but hopefully this will change over time and, thankfully, the NHS provides interpreters), educational because she only completed eight years of education (we do live in the “Third” World) and culturally because the medical culture here dictates that you kowtow/touch-your-forelock to the medical profession and don't ask questions.

Me, on the other hand, have little more to do than earn the money to support us all, write this blog and do the research! I don't have the limitations that Nanda has – or, perhaps I should say to the same extent or in the same way. I am dealing with new terminology both scientific and jargonistic, I was hopeless at science at school and, when I was a kid, the family GP was definitely a “Dr.” So when Nanda has queries, she does sometimes get me to ask J., but her queries tend to be of a practical nature (the Hickman Line, a perceived side-effect) whilst I ask him “esoteric” shit about MRD, BFM etc. Given our situation, it's probably an ok division of labour.

A long entry – hope it's not been too boring! Please visit Christian and Colin's website (linked to on right) – it's far more than cancer – cookery, natural history and more. I've also put up a link to Cass' Cancergiggles which is also very inspirational!

As Andy inspired me to say when I started this, I should go off-topic!

Monday, December 11, 2006

The Next Four Months - Part 2


At the end of the first induction phase of treatment, Kezia's hair finally began to fall out. She'd resisted so long! Such a shame – her hair was so beautiful, a crazy, wild mix of black mum, white dad. Losing your hair is a predictable side-effect of the chemotherapy. When chemotherapy stops, the hair will grow back – let's hope it grows back as wild and crazy!


She now started the second phase of treatment of Regimen C - what is called “Augmented BFM Consolidation”. First off, the rest of her hair fell out!

Augmented BFM Consolidation contrasts with the standard BFM Consolidation which is used in Regimen B (but not in Regimen A).


Two big differences – standard BFM doesn't use the drug Vincristine which is administered four times in the Augmented BFM or the Asparaginase administered twice. Secondly, there is a 2-3 week interval of administration of major chemotherapy drugs (Mecapturine – 6-MP, and Cytosine arabinoside – Ara-C) in the middle of the Augmented BFM phase.


Recently found an interesting
paper in the Journal of Clinical Oncology comparing standard BFM and Augmented BFM treatments for Slow Early Responders (SERs). One of the results was that 90.7% of SERs with T-cell ALL had a 4 year Event Free Survival (EFS i.e. no relapse) rate.

This obviously gives rise to cautious optimism.
However, the end of our nightmare is so far down the line from here that I rarely think of a life without leukaemia – in fact, we will probably always live with it even with a four year EFS, what about a 10 year EFS?

During the entire treatment, regardless of regime, your child will receive an antibiotic, called Co-trimoxacole, at home on Saturdays and Sundays. As your child's white blood count is low and s/he has little protection against infection, this is thus a precautionary protection. It's euphemistically known as the “weekend medicine”.

Friday, December 8, 2006

The Next Four Months - Part 1

The next four months are still painful to talk about. And I'm not sure how to talk about it ...

I came back here and Nanda had yet to receive a 2 year extension to her 6 month visa. I couldn't apply for a 2 year visa for Jaime until she had the extension – I've explained all this in the previous post on Immigration.

Nanda's extension came through about the end of July and I immediately applied for Jaime's visa. But it took time ...

In the mean time, Nanda beat up on me constantly – as M. said she would!

The first crisis had happened before I came back – H. had been carrying Jaime on his bicycle and Jaime had caught his flip-flop in the back wheel and over they came! Jaime needed two stitches to his forehead (the very small scar is there 'til today and, yes, I know, carrying a second person like this is dangerous but I live here in Africa ... three/four people on a motorcycle is common!). Nanda and I only learned about this after I came back ... and she didn't learn through me!

The second crisis was that first photo I took of Jaime which I related earlier.

At first Nanda wanted Jaime to spend the weekends at his uncle's (her brother A.). After three weekends he didn't want to. He played lots with our neighbours' kids and considered them his community. There aren't many neighbours' kids around where A. lives, so he was obliged to play all day with his two years younger cousin. I also didn't want him to – especially when I gathered his natural father (several previous and current partners with numerous children – fortunately, his name is not on the birth certificate) had visited him there. As he's never shown any real interest in Jaime, both Nanda and I feel he should keep away. And I didn't want him to know anything at all about our future plans – to turn up at the airport on the day of departure and make problems!

The next event was Jaime's birthday on the 30th July – 7 years old! We had a small party with a cake, food etc. Sang “Happy Birthday” and blew the candles out.

Photos were, of course, sent to Nanda and Kezia, and this time I got no complaints!



In the meantime Jaime moved into my bedroom, started school again and we settled into a steady rhythm. We'd get up, get washed, H. would arrive and prepare his breakfast, I would go to work, Jaime would have lunch and then go to school, I'd return from work, H. would go home, I would prepare Jaime's bath, he'd come home at 17:20, take his bath, eat dinner whilst I had a shower, watch children's TV until 19:00 and then it was bed and my TV.

I enjoyed the rhythm, the discipline of childcare – it did me good, gave me responsibility and made me (somewhat?) responsible.

I would phone Nanda or she would phone me ... and she'd harangue me constantly “where's Jaime, how's Jaime, when's Jaime coming ...?”. I couldn't run any faster than the seemingly slow bureaucracy of the IND. I would ask about Kezia and receive the response “where's Jaime, how's Jaime, when's Jaime coming ...?”.

I know it was hell for Nanda – she was having to cope with a strange country, a language she didn't speak, the hospital etc etc.

To be continued.